Filippo Brunelleschi - Perspective In Art Essays -

Filippo Brunelleschi - Perspective In Art Perspective Use of perspective in art finds its root in one man, Filippo Brunelleschi. Although we dont know for sure, it is likely that Brunelleschi also invented linear, or scientific perspective. Donatellos The Feast of Herod is the earliest surviving example of scientific perspective, which is established through the use of a vanishing point, an imaginary single point on the page in which all the parallel lines meet. Donatellos Feast of Herod was a groundbreaking work by that days standards, and a complete failure in the fulfillment of compositional requirements of traditional classical or medieval standards. The focal point of the piece, the presentation of St. Johns head to Herod, is in the far left corner, and the crowd watching is clustered into the right corner. Upon examination of the action, however, Donatellos intention is clear; by placing the people in this way, the gesture and emotion of the scene is more implicit and effective. It is also more clearly established that the scene d oes not end at the focal point, it in fact continues off into every direction, an impression more clearly made with his use of scientific perspective. This window view into the scene was a radical step, and would influence how the picture plane was to be seen from that point on. Another important milestone in the history of perspective is Pietro Perudinos The Delivery of the Keys. Painted in 1482, this work employs a grave, symmetrical structure, a tool he used to emphasize the importance of the scene being represented: The authority of St. Peter as the first pope, and all of his successors, rests on his having received the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven from Christ himself. The onlookers are all rendered with powerfully individualized faces. Equally powerful is the vast expanse of the almost surreal background. The spatial clarity, established by the use of mathematically precise perspective, is the influence of Brunelleschi. Andrea Mantegna was another 15th century painter. He was a prodigy that rendered in paint with skill from the age of 16 on. With the painting St. James Led to His Execution Mantegna established himself as a person who wasnt afraid to break with traditional painting techniques, and adds a daring touch by painting from a ground up view of the scene. This was used because the painting was hung so tha the bottom of the painting was at the viewers eye level. Because of this the architecture looms intimidatingly, and is made more convincing by his use of scientific perspective.His desire for authenticity can be seen in every small detail, including the Roman soldiers costumes. It even extends to the use of wet drapery patterns, an invention of classical Greek sculpture that was then passed onto the Romans. We can also find a reference to Donatello in Mantegnas rendering of the lean, tense bodies of the Roman soldiers. The intensity that Mantegna establishes by using these techniques hardly fits the subject matter, as the condemned saint, on the way to his execution, stops to bless a paralytic man and command him to walk. The onlookers facial expressions and gesture hint at how deeply this sight has stirred them. Mantegna has even painted a violent scene erupting off to the right as the crowd becomes agitated. In writing this paper, I assumed that you assigned the paintings in the Met because of their accessibility to engineering students who may not have any art books. I knew of these works as important stepping stones in the modern use of perspective, and I felt the need to write Arts and Paintings

Bharti Airtel Swot Analysis Essays

Bharti Airtel Swot Analysis Essays Bharti Airtel Swot Analysis Essay Bharti Airtel Swot Analysis Essay Strengths * Bharti Airtel has more than 65 million customers (July 2008). It is the largest cellular provider in India, and also supplies broadband and telephone services as well as many other telecommunications services to both domestic and corporate customers. * Other stakeholders in Bharti Airtel include Sony-Ericsson, Nokia and Sing Tel, with whom they hold a strategic alliance. This means that the business has access to knowledge and technology from other parts of the telecommunications world. * The company has covered the entire Indian nation with its network. This has underpinned its large and rising customer base. Weaknesses * An often cited original weakness is that when the business was started by Sunil Bharti Mittal over 15 years ago, the business has little knowledge and experience of how a cellular telephone system actually worked. So the start-up business had to outsource to industry experts in the field. * Until recently Airtel did not own its own towers, which was a particular strength of some of its competitors such as Hutchison Essar. Towers are important if your company wishes to provide wide coverage nationally. The fact that the Airtel has not pulled off a deal with South Africas MTN could signal the lack of any real emerging market investment opportunity for the business once the Indian market has become mature. Opportunities * The company possesses a customized version of the Google search engine which will enhance broadband services to customers. The tie-up with Google can only enhance the Airtel brand, and also provides advertising opportunities in Indian for Google. * Global telecommunications and new technology brands see Airtel as a key strategic player in the Indian market. The new iPhone will be launched in India via an Airtel distributorship. Another strategic partnership is held with BlackBerry Wireless Solutions. * Despite being forced to outsource much of its technical operations in the early days, this allowed Airtel to work from its own blank sheet of paper, and to question industry approaches and practices for example replacing the Revenue-Per-Customer model with a Revenue-Per-Minute model which is better suited to India, as the company moved into small and remote villages and towns. The company is investing in its operation in 120,000 to 160,000 small villages every year. It sees that less well-off consumers may only be able to afford a few tens of Rupees per call, and also so that the business benefits are scalable using its Matchbox strategy. * Bharti Airtel is embarking on another joint venture with Vodafone Essar and Idea Cellular to create a new independent tower company called Indus Towers. This new business will control more than 60% o f Indias network towers. IPTV is another potential new service that could underpin the companys long-term strategy. Threats * Airtel and Vodafone seem to be having an on/off relationship. Vodafone which owned a 5. 6% stake in the Airtel business sold it back to Airtel, and instead invested in its rival Hutchison Essar. Knowledge and technology previously available to Airtel now moves into the hands of one of its competitors. * The quickly changing pace of the global telecommunications industry could tempt Airtel to go along the acquisition trail which may make it vulnerable if the world goes into recession. Perhaps this was an impact upon the decision not to proceed with talks about the potential purchase of South Africas MTN in May 2008. This opened the door for talks between Reliance Communications Anil Ambani and MTN, allowing a competing Inidan industrialist to invest in the new emerging African telecommunications market. * Bharti Airtel could also be the target for the takeover vision of other global telecommunications players that wish to move into the Indian market. Airtel comes to you from Bharti Airtel Limited, Indias largest integrated and the first private telecom services provider with a footprint in all the 23 telecom circles. Bharti Airtel since its inception has been at the forefront of technology and has steered the course of the telecom sector in the country with its world class products and services. The businesses at Bharti Airtel have been structured into three individual strategic business units (SBUs) Mobile Services, Airtel Telemedia Services Enterprise Services.

Audi A6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Audi A6 - Essay Example It’s available in the saloon and wagon configurations, providing an appealing combination of luxury, technology and responsive handling dynamics. Exterior Outside, the  A6  resembles a downsized version of  Audi's full-size  A8  sedan. The exteriors features more extensive use of aluminum components, with day time running lights, body color front and rear bumpers, halogen headlight with projector beam lenses and remote sun proof tinted glass. Its external dimensions include 73.8 inches width, overall length of 193.9 inches, 3,682 lbs weight, and overall height of 57.8 inches, 114.7 inches wheelbase, a front track 64.1 inches, rear track (63.7 inches) and curb to curb turning circle 39.0ft. Other notable features include a paneled under floor to direct airflow under the vehicle, and the use of striking matte-finish wood inlays. A wraparound dashboard and the most recent generation of  Audi's instinctive MMI system are built-in as standard. Performance The A6 is avai lable in five different flavors: the A6 Premium 2.0, the A6 Premium Plus 2.0, the A6 Premium 3.0, the A6 Premium Plus 3.0 and the A6 Prestige 3.0. â€Å"The engine transmits power to the front wheels via a constantly variable transmission† (audi.com) returning fuel economy records of 25 mpg and 33 mpg in the city and on the highway respectively. To ensure traction for all weather conditions, the A6 comes exclusively with Audi's valued Quattro all-wheel-drive system which makes use of an eight-speed automatic gearbox. It’s fitted with standard equipment that include eight-way power adjustable leather seats with memory functionality, Bluetooth  Smartphone integration, triple-zone automatic climate control, keyless start, a four-spoke multifunction steering wheel and a premium audio system with an iPod input jack. The 17-inch alloy wheels and Audi drive select enables drivers to set vehicle steering configurations, select transmission shift characteristics and customize engine response. Drivers have the choice of Auto, Comfort, Dynamic or Individual settings. The A6 Premium Plus also has a 40-GB hard drive voice-activated navigation system, Audi MMI touch handwriting recognition to interpret handwritten inputs, Audi connect which turns the car into a portable Wi-Fi hotspot and a parking assistance system with front and rear sensors. Optional Features The A6 Cold Weather Package comprises heated steering wheel as well as front and rear seats. The optional sport package incorporates a lower and firmer suspension, a three-spoke steering wheel with flappy paddle shifters and, depending on the trim level, special 18-, 19- or 20-inch wheels. The Driver Assistance Package integrates Audi pre sense plus, adaptive cruise control, and power folding, heated exterior side mirrors. Side Assist Package includes a blind spot monitoring system, power-folding mirrors and a pre safe system for altering the front and rear head commands to achieve maximum support inc ase an impending collision is identified. The Innovation Package also has a heads-up display, night vision assistance and LED headlights. Safety features All A6 models are equipped with dual front airbags, driver and front passenger knee air bags and optional Rear-passenger thorax side airbags. Other safety features include tire-monitoring system, traction and stability control systems and ABS with electronic brake-pressure distribution. Conclusion The Audi A6 model is near the top of the line for Audi products suitable